Heat Output of Diesel, Kerosene and Biodiesel in Smudge Pots

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the heat output of diesel, kerosene and an alternative fuel source in orchard smudge pots.
I became interested in this idea when I was watching the news and it reported on rising diesel prices, I wondered if there was a cheaper and more efficient fuel for diesel-powered items, like vehicles or heaters.

The information gained from this experiment could help people with an orchard. It could save thousands of dollars each year with the rising prices of diesel. 

Hypothesis

My first hypothesis was that biodiesel would burn longer than kerosene or diesel.

My second hypothesis was that diesel would burn hotter than kerosene and biodiesel.

I based my hypothesis on that biodiesel has a lower viscosity then either of the others.  My second hypothesis was based on the fact that most smudge pots use diesel.

Experiment Design

The constants in this study were: 

•    The smudge pot

•    Starting temperature

•    Air temperature

•    Volume of fuel used

•    Measurement methods

The manipulated variable was the type of fuel being burned in the smudge pot.

The responding variables were the heat of the smudge pot’s fumes and burn time.

To measure the responding variables, I used a thermometer to measure the surrounding fumes, a surface thermometer for the surface of the smudge pot  and a watch to measure burn time.

Materials

QUANTITY	ITEM DESCRIPTION
1	Smudge Pot
8 liters	Diesel
8 liters	Kerosene
1	Measuring Device
8 liters	Biodiesel
1	Lighter
1	High Temperature Probe
1	Raytak Raynger Thermometer

Procedures

1.    Check for materials

2.    Prepare 2.5 liters of designated fuel

3.    Pour the fuel into the fuel chamber

4.    Light the fuel, take down the time that the fluid lights

5.    Every two minutes take a probe and a laser temperature

6.    When flame retires record ending time

7.    Repeat steps 2-5 three times for that fuel

8.    Repeat steps 2-6 for each fuel

9.    Clean up and give back the materials borrowed

Results

The original purpose of this experiment was the purpose of this experiment was to compare the heat output of diesel, kerosene and an alternative fuel source in orchard smudge pots.

The results of the experiment were that kerosene created the most heat at 291.3 and 651.8 degrees Celsius, then diesel at 289.4 and 625.7 degrees Celsius, finally biodiesel at 269.7 and 584 degrees Celsius. In time biodiesel came first with 49.7 minutes, then diesel with 48.7 minutes, and finally 45 minutes. 

Conclusion

My original hypothesis was that biodiesel would burn longer than kerosene or diesel.

My second hypothesis was that diesel would burn hotter than kerosene and biodiesel.

The results indicate that my first hypothesis should be accepted, because biodiesel burn longer than both diesel and kerosene.

My second hypothesis should be rejected because the kerosene burned hotter than either of the other fuels.

After thinking about the results of this experiment, I wonder if I would use more of the fuel how the differences would change.
If I were to conduct this project again I would use more types of fuel and more of each of them.

Researched by ---- Derek L

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Colourful convection currents

Articles Required: Three tablets of water colours, hard-glass jar.

When you heat water, only a part of it comes into a direct contact with its container which is being heated. But strangely enough, the tempera­ture of entire body of water rises uniformly. So, it means that the heat absorbed by the container spreads equally throughout the entire liquid. The most interesting fact about it is that this process of heating is not haphazard and takes place in a very systematic manner. You can witness it through the experiment explained below:

Fill three-fourths of glass jar with water. Drop small pieces of water-colour tablets into it. Now you'll notice that as this water gets heated, coloured currents emerge from the tablet pieces and come down almost touching the container walls in the form of a foun­tain. Do you know why it happens like this? As the water at the bot­tom gets heated, it becomes lighter and rises upwards. It makes a place for itself at the top displacing the water present there. The water at the top is cool and thus heavy. As a result, it sinks down and fills the gap left by the hot water. This process goes on like this.The particles of colour tablets (red, blue and green) that you have dropped into the water, become a part of the water current after dis-olving in it. They form a definite pattern with the convection currents and you can notice a pretty colour­ful fountain inside the glass jar.

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Coiling Liquids Science Experiments

Introduction :- :-

Have you ever noticed how your chocolate syrup coils when you pour it on your ice cream? Or how the soft ice cream doesn't just fill your cone up like water would, that it forms large loops instead? Our hypothesis is that it is due to the thick nature of these liquids. They belong to a group known as "thyrotrophic" liquids. That is, they are liquids because they are not solid, but they are, in some cases, incredibly thick and viscous. The reason motor oil is used in engines is because it is thick enough to stick to the piston shaft and stay there for a relatively long period of time.

  As we all know, the colder an object is, the closer together its molecules become due to the lessened energy state. It is our belief that this can affect the coiling of certain liquids. Also, the size of the stream could possibly have an effect, because without the correct amount of molecules, the stream should just fall straight. The size can be affected in two ways: by changing the size of the funnel's diameter, and by changing the height at which the funnel is placed. Perhaps the material of the surface onto which the liquid is poured can affect its coiling ability. 

Purpose

To determine why certain liquids coil, and what conditions control this coiling effect. 

Apparatus

1.  Table Syrup

2.  Chocolate Syrup

3.  Ketchup/Catsup

4.  Mustard

5.  Honey

6.  Mr. Bubble

7.  Ring Stand

8.  Funnels With Different Diameters

9.  Aluminum Pie Pan Substrate

10.      Plastic Tupperware Substrate

11.      Glass Casserole Dish Substrate

12.      Metal Cake Pan Substrate

13.      Clay Triangle

14.      Graduated Cylinder 

Methods

1. Set up the ring stand.

Place a clay triangle on the ring, then place the appropriate funnel on the ring stand.

Decide which variable will be worked with, set up the experiment as such.

Pour quantity into the funnel, while blocking the spout on bottom, to prevent the flow.

Remove the stop from the spout and time the pouring of the liquid for 20 seconds while counting the number of coils it makes during that time.

Change the value of the current variable you are working with.

Repeat steps 4-6 for several more values with that particular liquid.

Repeat steps 3-7 with a different liquid.

Repeat steps 3-8 with a different independent variable. 

Results

Figure showing Data Table And Graphs For Number Of Coils On Four Different Substrates (Glass, Aluminum, Plastic, and Metal).

	Metal Dish	Glass Dish	Aluminum Dish	Plastic Dish
Chocolate Syrup	60	55	84	68
Honey	50	49	44	40
Maple Syrup	0	0	0	0

Applications

Machines in outer space use liquid fuels. It is not desirable for these liquids to coil as they enter the combustion chamber, because it is inefficient and dangerous. This is due to the fact that the fuel could coil back into the fuel line where combustion could take place due to a chain reaction thereby destroying the fuel tanks and everyone in the vehicle, not to mention the vehicle itself. The coiling can be controlled by varying the temperature of the fuel.

Some more “down to earth” applications would be in the food industry. Currently when you’re getting a soft ice cream cone the server has to move their hand in a circular motion to the “coily” shape. By adjusting the temperature and the pressure of the ice cream dispenser, the ice cream could be forced to coil on its own. This would be helpful and reduce preparation time as well as reduce the risk of carpel tunnel syndrome.

Liquid metal, being relatively thick, should coil. So if it were poured into a vat of super cooled liquid it would be produce a spring with a very small diameter. The variables could be changed to change the spring’s “spring constant” for various uses. This would save on the construction of machinery needed to build these springs. It would also create springs that do not have seams in them, thereby making them stronger and durable.

Conclusion

The majority of the experiments proved that there are a maximum number of coils for each variable. In the variable temperature experiment, there appeared to be a maximum number of coils. Any temperature above this the number of coils dropped. Similarly, as the temperature of that liquid was dropped, the number of coils decreased. The maple syrup’s ideal temperature is considerably lower than that of honey and chocolate syrup. 

The ideal temperature is determined by the thickness of the liquid. The coils are caused by molecular backwash. As the molecules hit the substrate, some of them ‘bounce back’ towards the stream, blocking the path of the stream, and thereby creating coils. If there are too many molecules, then the coils will not form, because the mass is too great, thus, when the flow rate is increased the number of molecules in the stream increases. Comparatively, when the flow rate is decreased, due the fewer molecules in the stream, the backwash is less, causing fewer coils. According to the experiments, the substrate upon which the stream is poured has little to no effect on the number of coils. As the height of the funnel containing the liquid is increased, the number of coils increased for the honey. This is because of the decrease in molecules at the point of contact, therefore spreading out the thicker liquid to make more coils. 

However, in the case of chocolate syrup, the amount of coils increased to a point. This is because at the beginning height, there were too many molecules, but as the liquid began to taper the coils started to decrease again. Two of the funnels we were using had the same diameter spout, but one of them had ‘coiling guides’ in the mouth of the funnel. For the honey, it appeared to increase the coiling; it is because it had already started to spiral within the shaft. Although we did not do an experiment on the application of force, it appears that by applying a force to the liquid it appears that the coiling can be increased, this was seen, both with the bottle of chocolate syrup and catsup.

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